The biography of the Silver Age

Moscow State University named after M. Lomonosov History Faculty of Silver Age is a period of heyday of spiritual culture: literature, philosophy, music, theater and visual arts. He flowed since the x. XIX century. At this stage of history, spiritual development in Russia took place on the basis of the relationship of individual and collective principles. Initially, the individual principle was prevailing, next to it there was, pushed into the background, the beginning of the collective.

After the October Revolution, the situation changed. The main thing was the collective beginning, and the individual principle began to exist in parallel with it. The beginning of the Silver Age was laid by the Symbolists, a small group of writers who carried out at the end of the 19th - the beginning of the twentieth century. Symbolists in the XIX century.

It was based on the problem of the ratio of individual and collective principles in public life and in art. This problem was not new. It arose immediately after the abolition of serfdom and the great reforms, when civil society began to be actively formed. One of the first to solve it was tried to resolve her by the Narodniks. Considering the collective beginning as a defining one, they subordinated to him an individual principle, a person to society.

The person had value only if he benefited the team. The most effective populists considered socio-political activity. In it, a person had to reveal himself. The strengthening in the society of a populist approach to a person and his activities that occurred in the X - X years of the XIX century. Symbolists: Like the elders V. Bryusov, F. Sologub, Z. Hippius and others.

Bely, A. Blok, V. They revised the relationship of the individual and the collective. Symbolists brought a person beyond the limits of society and began to consider it as an independent amount equal in meaning to society and God. They determined the value of the individual by the wealth and beauty of his inner world. Thoughts and feelings of a person were turned into objects of research.

They became the basis of creativity. The inner world of a person was considered as a result of his spiritual development. Together with the statement of the individual principle, the Symbolists and writers close to them A. Volynsky, V. Rozanov, A. Benois and others. They opened the world in their works the world of Russian and Western European literature, introduced the masterpieces of world art.

The artistic works of the Symbolists, in which previously prohibited topics were addressed: individualism, immoralism, eroticism, demonism - provoked the audience, forced it to pay attention not only to politics, but also to art, to a person with his feelings, passions, bright and dark sides of his soul.

Under the influence of the symbolists, the attitude of society towards spiritual activity has changed. Following the Symbols, the affirmation of the individual principle in art and social life was continued by the idealist and acmeal philosophers. Idealist philosophers N. Berdyaev, L. Shestov, S. Frank, and others. They returned philosophy of value and put a person in the center, whose life they sought to equip on a religious basis.

Through a personality change, they wanted to transform the whole society. Supporters of acmeism M. Kuzmin, N. Gumilev, G. Ivanov and others. Religious searches and the desire to transform society were alien to them. They felt the world beautiful and wanted to portray it in their works. In the twenties of the twentieth century. A re -approval in the art and social life of the collective principle is associated with its development.

Futurists V. Mayakovsky, D. Burliuk, A. Kruchenykh and others. Only a completely faceless particle of society was seen in it. Cars, machines, airplanes were turned into objects. Declaring themselves by the creators of the true works of art, the futurists conducted their revaluation of values. Religion was rejected as a basic element of an old culture.

The appearance in the culture of the direction actively affirms the collective principle coincided with the breakdown of the socio-political system in Russia. The First World War, its consequences: hunger, anarchy, political fermentation led to two revolutions. During the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power, proclaiming the dictatorship of the proletariat in the country.

In the minds of many people, political changes united with innovations in culture. It was especially difficult for those who have been fighting the collective beginning for many years. They again collided with him in art and in politics. It seemed to them that everything that they created with hard work was destroyed in an instant that the end came not only the old political regime, but also the culture.

They did not consider it an art. The negative attitude to the vanguard was strengthened in the minds of old cultural figures after many futurists declared their support for the new government, and the Bolsheviks, in turn, recognized futurism as art. The attitude of the Bolsheviks to the vanguard was double. The orientation to the masses was one of the main attitudes of the Bolsheviks in culture.

But the installation was vague and did not have a certain content. The cultural policy of the Bolsheviks in the 10th years was just beginning to form.There were still no cultural authorities, there were no myths about Lenin, revolution and party - the structuring element of Soviet culture, covering all aspects of social and private life. All this appeared later. In the 10ths, party ideologists made general attitudes to eliminate illiteracy, an increase in the cultural level of masses.

Ideologists have argued the need to combine art with production and anti -religious propaganda. But they did not have a single look regarding what culture it was necessary to build a class that turned out to be in power. He appeared later, in the thirties. All this contributed to the emergence of disputes about the ways of cultural development. Representatives of the new government L.

Trotsky, A. Lunacharsky and others took part in them. They declared the need to build a culture that would comply with the tastes and needs of the whole society and each specific person in it. Representatives of the old traditional culture took part in the disputes, who wanted to proceed from the individual principle in the construction of art and public life. Disputes about the ways of cultural development ceased in the thirties, when a powerful strengthening of the Soviet regime occurred and the degree of its impact on society increased.

The crisis of art.