Klyuchevsky biography

The son of a rural priest. Graduated from the historical and philological faculty of Moscow University; With a gold medal. The biography after the end of the Penza Theological School studied in - gg. He did not complete his studies, deciding to enter Moscow University. Vasily Klyuchevsky. During training at the university, F. Buslaev, S. Eshevsky, P. Leontyev, S.

Solovyov, K. Pobedonostsev, B. in Solovyov was left at the Department of Russian History to prepare for a professor’s rank. A teacher of universal, Russian and political history in the Alexander Military School - in - GG. The teacher of the courses of the Herja is a master, a doctor of Russian history. From the city of Associate Professor-, extraordinary-, the orderly-, Honored Ordinary with a professor at the Department of Russian History of the Historical and Philology Faculty, Dean-; The assistant rector of the university - under the leadership of V.

Klyuchevsky, was defended by the master's dissertations by P. Milyukov, M. Lyubavsky, N. Rozhkov, M. Theologian, A. Kizvetter, Yu. Lecturer in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture - repeatedly made public lectures. Lectures by V. Klyuchevsky were exceptional popular with students. He explained the method of lecturing as follows: “Developing a thought in speech, it is necessary to put the scheme in the thought of the listener first, then in a visual comparison to present it to the imagination and, finally, on the soft lyrich [eska] lining, carefully put it on the listener, and then the listener is your prisoner of war and will not run away from you, even when you let him go to the will, it will remain forever obedient [nm] Your [by them] client "Klyuchevsky.

He had a significant impact on Y. Barskov, S. Bakhrushin, S. Bogoevlensky, G. Vernadsky, M. Dyakonov, V. Pichi, S. Platonov, M. Pokrovsky, S. Smirnov, B. Syryatnikov, A. Political views were characterized by the desire to find the middle line between extremes: he denied both the revolution and the reaction, and avoided the active political activity of the ants. He condemned student unrest at the Moscow University in the fall of G.

believed that the work of students to study and unite with professors to protect scientific values, and not call for weapons and sacrifice the university. At the same time, he considered it necessary to show the police that “university youth is not a crowd,” condemned the inspired by the police, because after the attempt by D. Karakozov, the Klyuchevsky spoke disapproval about the “extreme liberalism and socialism”.

At the end of G. in the spring, in the same year he was elected a member of the State Council from the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and universities, but he abandoned this position, not finding a stay in it “quite independent for the discussion of emerging issues of state life”, Klyuchevsky. A member of a special meeting to draw up a new charter about the press - he advocated the elimination of censorship.

He was invited by Emperor Nicholas II to discuss the draft law on the “Bulygin Duma”, insisted on granting the Duma legislative rights, on the introduction of universal suffrage, objected to the idea of ​​the estate representation, referring to the obsolehood of the estate organization of the company. He actively interacted with the artistic, literary and theatrical circles of Moscow.

The memories of meetings and lectures of the historian were left by A. Amphitheatrov, S. Vasilenko, A. Gerasimov, M. Nesterov, L. Pasternak, N. Teleshov and others. In some cases, he advised the figures of literature and art when working on historical images. F. helped F. on the influence of Klyuchevsky on the development of historical subjects in the visual arts was testified by outstanding artists, former teachers and students of the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture V.

Serov and others. Scientific works the first works in the candidate essay “The Tales of Foreigners about the Moscow State” [was first published in Moscow University Izvestia,; Protected in MDA as a dissertation for starting teaching] systematized and compared information about 40 embassy reports, notes of travelers, foreigners about the Russian state published in various European languages.

The presentation of the material is presented in the book in such a way that the reader along with the “observant European” travels along the unsafe roads of Russia through the vast thick forests, steppe desert spaces, and falls into various ups and downs.

He traced the process of the formation of a centralized state and autocracy as a form of government, noted the gradual complication of the state apparatus, proceedings, the state of the army, and compared the Moscow administration with the orders of other countries. He paid special attention to the centers of domestic and foreign trade, tracts and communication routes, imported and exported goods, prices for them.Interest in economic issues and social history, attention to geographical conditions as a constant factor of history, to the movement of population in order to master new lands, to the issue of relations between Russia and the West - all these problems formed the basis of Klyuchevsky’s concept and became further developed in the subsequent works of Kireev.

He acted as an author of additional essays for the book of the German historian P. Kirhman, translated into Russian “The History of Public and Private Life,” in which he described food, housing conditions, clothes and utensils of medieval Rus'. This work on the history of Russian life was not mentioned in the list of his scientific works and remained unknown for a long time, found A.

Zimin represents a kind of continuation and addition of “Tales of foreigners, the master's thesis in the framework of work on the master's thesis on the advice of S. Solovyov turned to the lives of Russian medieval saints in order to study the history of monastic land ownership, in the center of which the problem of colonization of the lands of northeastern Rus' was supposed to be. In the course of work, he analyzed about 5 thousand near the lives of saints.

He came to the conclusion that the lives were created according to literary patterns, primarily reflect Christian ideals and therefore do not contain information about economic and social history. After that, he set himself purely source -time tasks: dating lists, determination of the ancient list of each life, place of its occurrence, identifying possible sources of life, the number and nature of their subsequent editions.

In the dissertation “Old Russian Lives of Saints as a Historical Source” Moscow, the first to study the development of Russian medieval hagiography and developed methods for scientific criticism of life texts. At the same time, he subsequently used lives in works as a source for characterizing life, culture, popular consciousness, and economic development of northeastern Rus'. He continued to turn to source -based issues in subsequent works.

Based on the analysis of bread prices, he developed methods for evaluating the purchasing power of the ruble in the 16-18 centuries. These works, coupled with special university courses “Source Studies”, “Methodology of Russian History”, “Sources of Russian History” and others. The doctor’s doctoral dissertation is considered the founder of the socio-economic direction in Russian historiography.

In the work "Boyarsky Duma of Ancient Rus'"; He was protected as a doctoral dissertation in studied the appearance, structure, role and significance of the Boyar Duma, showed the connection between the development of this State Institute with the development of the whole society in the journal of the work was the clarifying subtitle - “the experience of the history of a government institution in connection with the history of society”.

Having examined a large circle of phenomena and processes “from markets to office” using a huge array of legislative, paperwork and assembly sources, he examined the occurrence and evolution in the 10th - early 18th centuries. According to Klyuchevsky, the classes were formed both under the influence of economic processes and under the influence of the state.

The norm of their existence was mutual cooperation, in the maintenance of which he assigned a large role to the state. The Boyarskaya Duma was a “flywheel that set up the entire government mechanism”, the constitutional in essence by the institution “with extensive political influence, but without a constitutional charter” Klyuchevsky V. Boyarsky Duma of Ancient Rus'. Petersburg, the latter, as well as the lack of feedback with society, led to the fall of its role and replacement by the Senate.

Transferred the problem of the emergence of serfdom from the political to the socio-economic sphere. In contrast to the developed “state school” of Russian historiography, the theory of “enslavement and emancipation” of all classes of the state formulated on the basis of order and loan records, for the first time he studied the concept of serfdom as a result of peasant debt to the landowners of the ants.

The state, which considered the peasants primarily as the main payers of taxes and performers of state duties, only regulated the current serfdom [“The origin of serfdom in Russia” Moscow,; “Pillow and abolition of slaughter in Russia” Moscow,; "History of estates in Russia" Moscow,; “The composition of the representative office on the Zemstvo cathedrals of Ancient Rus'” Moscow, “The abolition of serfdom” was created in - published in].

The essence of Russian history was considered a unique combination of factors in its development. He distinguished among them geographical, ethnic, economic, social and political factors, not one of which was unconditionally predominant.