Biography and Mazepa

The ally of Peter in the year, during his stay in Moscow, Mazepa liked Peter and returned to Malaya, quite reassured for his hetman. In the beginning of X, he had to bother a lot over the pacification of the uprising of the so -called Petrik in Ukraine. In the years, he raised the Sich Cossacks at the same time both against the hetman Mazepa and against the Moscow authorities.

The true “independent” was against any foreign rule, including against the Poles. However, he could not persuade the Cossacks to his side, and entered Ukraine from Crimea only with the Tatars and with small detachments of supporters from the Cossacks. Supporters from the common people, "the Polish -Lithuanian ink" also stuck to him. But already approaching the border cities of Ukraine, the Tatars fled back to the Crimea, frightened by the Hetman troops of Mazepa.

Petrik also left with them. Petrik made several more attempts until in the year he was killed by Mazepa detachments. Mazepa took an active part in both campaigns of Peter to Azov and gained great trust in Peter. In February, Peter personally awarded the Order of Andrei the First-Called by the second hetman Ivan Mazepa-"For many of his military works, noble and zealous and durable faithful services." The motto of the order read: “For faith and fidelity!

At the beginning of the Northern War, Mazepa helped Peter I: in the year, taking advantage of the rebellion against the Commonwealth and the invasion of the Swedish troops to Poland, he occupied the right-bank Ukraine and repeatedly invited Peter I to unite both Ukraine into one Little Russia, from which Peter refused, referring to the Ukrainian division and left-bank agreement concluded with Poland.

In the year he made a campaign on Volyn, to the aid of Peter's ally, Augustus. Peter and Mazepa in Kyiv, where Mazepa actively set to build the construction of the Pechersky fortress laid down in Kiev, took place. Amazing is such a long loyalty to the hetman to the Russian king, if we recall the closest predecessors. Khmelnitsky concluded an agreement with the Swedes two years after the oath to the tsar, masterfully maneuvered between Russia and Turkey and did not remain faithful to anyone, I.

Vygovsky signed the Gadyachsky agreement with Poland a year after the oath, and only a month later, with Sweden, Yu. Khmelnitsky, condemned Russian troops to death near the Grandoween, I. Bryukhovetsky, a devoted “serf” of the king and “boyar” - and he lasted only five years, and then lifted the rebellion against him. Mazepa’s phrase, uttered by him on September 17, reached our times: “Without extreme, the last need, I will not change my fidelity to royal majesty.

But still he was ready to wait until the “extreme, last need” - until it would be obvious that Peter was losing the war. The transition to the side of Charles XII year was the year of the political failures of Russia: on February 2, the Swedes inflicted a crushing defeat of the Saxon army, on October 13, the ally of Peter, the Saxon Elector and the Polish King August II abandoned the supporter of the Swedes of Stanislav Leshchinsky and broke the alliance with Russia.

Despite the victory in the battle of Kalisha on October 18, Russia remained in the war with Sweden alone. In the same period of time, Mazepa, presumably, planned a possible transition to the side of Charles XII and the formation of independent ownership under the supremacy of the Polish king from Little Russia. According to Chapter 13 of his book by Tairov-Yakovlev, the exact date of the beginning of negotiations is unknown, but on September 17, Mazepa opened to his general clerk Orlik.

In his conversation with Orlik, Mazepa explained his negotiations with Leshchinsky exclusively a military threat. There is evidence that the first plan of treason was discussed by Mazepa and the widow of the princess of Dolskaya, in the first husband of Vishnevetskaya, at the end of the year the letters of Dolskaya were known. Later, Mazepa entered into secret negotiations first with the princess of Dolskaya, then with King Stanislav Leshchinsky, in particular, through the Jesuit of Zalensky.

In order to attract Mazepa to her side, in the year “Princess Dolskaya handed over to Mazep the words B. External link from the year of Mazepa was the subject of a number of denunciations of Peter, who spoke of his betrayal. Peter did not believe in denunciations; The scammers were punished, and the king’s trust in the hetman only increased. At the end of August, the year was followed by a new, dangerous denunciation of Mazepa by General Judge V.

Kochubey, sent with the Sevsky hieromonk Nikanor, who arrived in Moscow on September 17. But the report was recognized as false in the light of the well -known personal enmity between Kochuba and Mazepa: in the year, Mazepa had an affair with the daughter of Kochubey - Matryona, whom he was a recipient of the godfather, which made the marriage impossible, since such a connection was considered incest.

Yakovlev appeared the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin to the Protopope to the confessor of the king, who introduced him to the prince Alexei Petrovich. The king considered a new denunciation again false, entrusting the trial to the friends of the hetman: Golovkin, Gabriel Ivanovich and Shafirov, Pyotr Pavlovich.Frightened by this denunciation, Mazepa after a successful outcome of the investigative case on the orders of Peter I Kochubey and also informed the Poltava colonel of the sparkle to torture, after which, after which, on July 14, Mazepa granted the Swedes for winter apartments fortified points in the Seversch region, obliged to deliver the appraisal, to include the side of the Karl of Zaporozhzhsky And the Don Cossacks, even the Kalmyk Khan Ayuk.

In the year, Mazepa enjoyed the confidence of the king. In the fall, Tsar Peter invited Mazep to join the Cossacks to the Russian troops near Old Duba; Mazepa hesitated, referring to his illnesses and troubles in Little Russia, caused by the movement of Charles XII to the south and his proposals. At the same time, he consulted with the foremen who joined him, and negotiated with Karl through Bystritsky and diplomatic speeches with Menshikov through Voilovsky.

Menshikov decided to visit the allegedly sick Mazepa. Fearing the exposure, Mazepa with the hetman treasury fled in late October from the left bank of the Desna to Karl, who was southeast from Novgorod-Seversk, in Gorki. With Mazepa there were 1. From the Swedish camp, hetman wrote a letter to Skoropadsky, Starodubsky Colonel, explaining the reasons for his transition and inviting the foreman and Cossacks to follow his example.

The main goals of the Hetman Mazepa’s policy, according to historian Alexander Ogloblin, the main goals of Mazepa’s policy as the hetman of Ukraine were: the unification of the Ukrainian lands - hetman, right -bank Ukraine, Zaporozhye, Sloboda Ukraine and Khan's Ukraine as part of the Unified Ukrainian Power, led by the hetman, as well as the creation of the hetman power as the basis of the European -type state -type state.

[32]. During the hetman, he managed to solve this problem partially, uniting the hetman, right -bank Ukraine and Zaporozhye. At the end of his life, Mazepa agreed to become a tributary of the Polish king, the ally of the Swedes of Stanislav Leshchinsky with the receipt of hetman in White Rus': “That's how Gustav Adlerfeld, the chamberlain of Charles XII and a member of the Northern War, directly involved in those events, describes the agreement between Mazepa and Stanislav Leshchinsky.

The whole of Ukraine, including the principalities of the Seversky, Kiev, Chernihiv and Smolensk, should return to the rule of Poland and remain under its crown, for which Mazepa is awarded the title of the prince and receives the Vitebsk and Polotsk governorship with the same rights that the Duke of Courland in his land has. According to T. Tairova-Yakovleva, Mazepa's genuine plans were different: “Mazepa considered an alliance with Leshchinsky exclusively as an extreme tool in case of the invasion of the Swedes, and possibly in the event of a riot among the foreman in the conditions of reforming the hetman.

Samus and other residents of the Right Bank fears revenge on the part of the Poles and are unlikely to want to submit to the Commonwealth. Therefore, Mazepa proposed first to achieve the unity of opinions in Ukraine and the unification of the Commonwealth, and then think about the Union. It is clear that such good wishes could only be a declaration designed to win time.

” The Cossacks of the domestic policy of the hetman Mazepa was aimed at increasing the influence of the Cossack foreman, strengthening her economic base and social status, turning it into the ruling estate of the hetman. The provision of estates to the foremen and the clergy for the most part by the monasteries of the hetman authorities or colonels increased significantly. Already in the early days and months of his hetman, Mazep issued a number of station wagons that either confirmed the old possessions or created new from the fund of the so -called “free military” estates.

Mazepa, buying land with foremen and monasteries, is very spreading very during the hetman. But land ownership and agriculture were not the only source of financial welfare of the Cossack foreman.

The foreman pays much attention to various trade and industrial operations. Huge profits gave the foreman various financial transactions, in particular, “lease” - vodka, tobacco and tar. The general and ordinary foreman, and men, and even women took part in these operations. In those days, the foreman, especially her top, widely unfolds industrial entrepreneurship both in the south and in the north of the Getman region.

The process of concentration of the foreman's estates was accompanied by the concentration of political power in the hands of the highest foreman. The volume of colonel power increased. Previously elected by voting to his position, the colonel now became the hereditary master of his regiment. A new name appeared, which determined this category of foreman - “Bunchuki partnership”, “noble military partnership”, freed from all local regimental or hundredth duties and jurisdiction, which was directly subject to hetman power, was “under the hetman bunch” and “defense”, and “was sued only a general court.

Thus, Ivan Mazepa created the top of the Cossacks, who owed his position only to him and was only in his jurisdiction.The peasantry the concentration of land ownership and political power in the hands of the Cossack foreman had its main consequence of the growth of the operation of the peasant mass. In the time of Mazepa, these duties grew on the one hand, and on the other, their ratio changed.

In particular, the monetary component increases, as well as corvee. But if the monetary and natural duties prevail in the estates of the “free military” and especially the rank, including the hetman, the strengthening of the corvee was more characteristic of estates, primarily monastery. The growth of subjects of subjects at the end of the 17th century caused great discontent of the peasant mass, which often turned into open performances against the authorities of the elders.

The government of Mazepa, in the interests of the state and the social system, was forced to intervene in this matter and limit the abuse of the rulers and the exploitation of the Polish -Lithuanian. But many rulers exceeded this norm, forcing subjects to work in the corvee much more. According to the National Art Museum of Ukraine, the architectural style of these churches was called "Mazepinskoy Baroque." In the scientific work of Sergei Pavlenko, it is indicated that the Ukrainian philosopher and theologian of that era, Feofan Prokopovich, called hetman Mazepa Ktitor the “Preslavic Academy of the Mogilo-Mazepovian Kyiv” and compared the hetman Mazepa with the Equal-Apostles Prince Vladimir in his works.

Information about Ivan Mazepa as the foundation of the Academy is given in the historical certificate of a modern educational institution. Later, in the year, the same Feofan Prokopovich in the “Slovenutny of the Blue about the Batal of Poltava” justifies the name of Mazepa Judah. The Metropolitan of Kyiv Varlaam considered Mazepa "is special for the renewal, the promis and a benefactor of the Brotherly Monastier." Today, only the Mazepinsky old academic corps has been preserved.

The archbishop of Chernigovsky Anthony Stakhovsky in the year was written a prayer for hetman Mazepa. The Hetman Mazepa, for some, entered the history of Ukraine as an outstanding initiator and a ctitator of the construction of churches, the Chernihiv collegium and the Mazepa-Mogilyan Academy, for others-as an oath-criminal and traitor.