Biography of enlighteners

So, who is Ismail Gasprinsky, how did he imagine this linguistic unity? Primary education was at home, then-a rural Muslim school-mectebe, Simferopol male gymnasium and the Voronezh Cadet Corps. He studied at the Moscow military gymnasium in him. Studying in such a prestigious institution became possible because the father of Gasprinsky was in the public service and belonged to the genus of the Crimean Murz, equated with the Russian nobility.

In Moscow, the young man made friends with the son of the famous Slavophile, the publisher of Moscow Vedomosti Mikhail Katkov and lived in his family for some time. Soon Ismail returned to his homeland. Since the year, he has been teaching at the Zyndzhirli Madrasah in Bakhchisarai. And three years later he goes to Paris, where he attend lectures in the Sorbonne, works as a translator and personal secretary of the writer Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev.

Then, about a year, Gasprinsky lived in Turkey, in Istanbul, wrote correspondence for a number of Russian newspapers. The young years of Gasprinsky are a time of intensive study, communication with people very different in culture and worldview; The time of absorption of them of various progressive ideas. Abroad, he perceived the French principles of primary secular school, Western European theories of liberal evolutionary development and the creation of constitutional regimes.

Subsequently, this knowledge is creatively interpreted by him and crystallizes into his own - very harmonious and, most importantly, viable ideology, which will turn it over time into an outstanding reformer of the Turkic world. After returning to Crimea, Gasprinsky worked for some time as a teacher. But already in February, he was elected the mayor of Bakhchisaray, having stayed in this position until March.

Written by Gasprinsky in the year the essay “Russian Muslimism. Thoughts, notes and observations of a Muslim ”became a kind of intellectual manifesto not only for his author. In this work, the publicist is asked by the “damned questions” of modern life - what kind of relationship should exist between the Tatars and the Russians? What should be the Tatars, Russian Muslims, in relation to Russians and vice versa?

What intelligent goal does it seek and strives? Gasprinsky writes with bitterness about the absence of a consistent policy, “inspired by the high idea of ​​spreading the civilization of the Russian state in relation to Muslims”, which “brought a lot of bitter fruits for us, Russian Muslims and for our Fatherland”: “Where it was possible, we threw our ashes, shrines, homeland and gone the blessings where the Crimeans, Bessarabians, Bessarabians, Bessarabians.

Caucasians, and where there was nowhere to go and could not, we went to our cramped world, surrendering to him entirely and not wanting to know and know anything that did not concern our world and his narrow interests Muslims of the internal provinces. ” Russian Islam, states Gasprinsky, does not realize, does not feel the interests of the Russian Fatherland; He is almost unknown to his grief and joy, he does not understand national aspirations, ideas.

Russian Islam is vegetating in the tight, stuffy sphere of its old concepts and prejudices, as if divorced from everything else of humanity. ” Gasprinsky is trying to understand what caused this state of affairs. The reason is not Russian people - they, according to the author, are quite cordial. Many publicists, he continues, tend to explain such phenomena by the hostile spirit of Islam.

The doctrine that has a dogmas for love for the earth, which feeds, and loyalty to the Lord, who protects, leaves no place for alienation, isolation, hostility in the sense of political ... Throughout Russia you will not find a Muslim trading in a tavern and containing a house of tolerance. ” The lack of a consistent, thoughtful policy regarding the foreign and foreign population is the cause of many troubles.

So, for example, the government of the Crimean Tatars, and the local administration was not a clear look behind it, so that this emigration was encouraged, as a desirable phenomenon, it was delayed as a harmful phenomenon. Also, in the field of public education of Muslims, the lack of a definite goal and its corresponding means is noticeable: schools opened for them, but, how badly and without studying the soil, the planted plants, these schools did not give fruits and died without a trace over time.

” Summarizing the thoughts set forth in the article, the author states: ignorance, and hence the distrust interfere with the cardiac rapprochement of Russian Muslims with Russia; Russian educational institutions do not attract even one of the hundreds of Muslims of the highest class. What is the way out of such an unfavorable position? Another measure is “relief of printing conditions in the Tatar language”.

In the conclusion of his notes, Gasprinsky turns to educated Muslim youth: “Brothers, take a serious way for the work of folk education - dignity, but to convey even more dignity and good, holy work to the nobleness of your knowledge.”Being a faithful Muslim, Gasprinsky nominates the problem of creating a reformed community of peoples who professed Islam. An effective answer to the questions that concern the enlightener becomes Jadidian from the “Usul-i Jadid”-“New Method” Reform, which, thanks to Gasprinsky, over time, was widespread among the Muslims of Russia.

The main directions of Jadidism were an extensive program of reforms located in the plane of the Enlightenment Strategy. This is the reform of the formation of Muslims in accordance with advanced European standards; creation of a single Turkic literary language; strengthening civil activity and improving the situation of a woman-muslim; The creation of civilian, philanthropic societies and, of course, strengthening the connections between the Turkic-Muslim peoples of Russia.

Following the noble principles that he produced by him, Gasprinsky is actively engaged in educational activities ... In April, he began publishing the newspaper Terjiman in Bakhchisaray, which remained the only Turkic newspaper in Russia for a long time. The newspaper, concerning the most topical topics of people's lives, was published in the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages.

At first it was a weekly, and then the newspaper came out three times a week and daily. She lasted until the death of Gasprinsky in the year, and then four years went under the editorial of his son - Refat. In addition, they published a weekly newspaper Millet “Nation”, a magazine for women “Alemi Niswan” “The World of Women”, whose editor was his daughter Shefy Gasprinskaya.

He published a magazine for the children of Alemi Subjan "The World of Children" in the Crimean Tatar language, as well as the humorous publication "Haha ha! Gasprinsky strove for the unification of the Turkic peoples of Russia on the basis of the general science of the literary language. Considering the language the basis of the common town solidarity, he first of all tried to carry out language reform.

The development of a peculiar Turkic Esperanto based on the modernized version of the Crimean Tatar language was an important step towards the common -Turkic rapprochement. Another important sphere, which, in the thought of Gasprinsky, in decisive reform, was a system of education.

Gasprinsky developed the "new method" of school education. The main advantage of this method, first tested by him in the Bakhchisaray school, was the meaningful development of academic subjects instead of mechanical memorization of obsolete texts, the active use of native languages ​​in the system of teaching, which did not exclude the study of Arabic, Russian and European foreign languages.

Thanks to the new-meter schools, in the first one and a half of the ten-year-old century, a new generation of Crimean Tatar intellectuals, in a European-educated but not lost Muslim identity, has been emerging. The implementation of the ideas of the Turkic-Islamic solidarity was the first Muslim congresses. In the year, Ismail Gasprin was elected chairman of the 1st Congress of Muslims of Russia.

The congress laid the foundation for the organizational association of Russian Muslims. The 2nd Muslim congress in St. Petersburg, which was held in St. Petersburg, at which Gasprinsky chaired by Gasprinsky, decided to create the Union of Muslims of Russia. The third congress, gathered near Nizhny Novgorod Augustus, decided to transform the Muslim Union into a political party, whose program was based on the ideology of pantyurcism.

It is important to note that all these events did not at all imply the contrast, relatively speaking, of the Russian-Christian part of the population, but were aimed at cooperation with the Russian people and the government. However, the activities of Gasprinsky and his associates still caused a significant suspicion of the authorities. However, the charm of his personality was such that the ideas carried out by him involuntarily found sympathy even among people who were difficult to suspect in special sympathies for him.

A diplomatic report was preserved, sent by the Consul of Russia General in Egypt, Alexei Smirnov, Russian Foreign Minister-Gasprinsky came to Cairo with lectures and speeches about his intention to convene an international congress of Muslims: “The other day Izmail-Bay Gasprinsky visited me ... Izmail Bay is in great respect; Almost all local newspapers devoted him to the arrival here and his activities are very sympathetic articles.

For the first time I had to meet with Gasprinsky: well -read, responsive and all interested, despite her age, this Crimean Tatar, makes the impression of a sincere and convinced person. Of course, it is unlikely that the congress he hoped to fully fulfill his dreams, but in any case, Izmail-Bey’s attempts to raise the moral level of his co-religionists, and especially in the form, as it is done, causes involuntary sympathy ”...

Gasprinsky is known as a talented writer. He created a number of beautiful art works. His novels and novels “Molla Abbas”, “Arslan-Kyz”, “A hundred years later” were published in the Terjiman newspaper.Fortunately, today the multifaceted heritage of Ismail Gasprinsky after many years of oblivion becomes accessible to the general public. His works need a new understanding by the modern generation of Crimean Tatars.

And more than ever, today his famous motto “Tilde, Fikird, Iste Birlik” sounds today - “Unity in thoughts, language and business”.