Biography of Leo Tolstoy Wikipedia

His views and beliefs formed the basis of a whole religious and philosophical course, which is called Tolstoy. The literary heritage of the writer amounted to 90 volumes of artistic and journalistic works, diary notes and letters, and he himself more than once nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature and the Nobel Prize of the World. He was the fourth child in a large noble family.

Tolstoy is orphaned early. The mother died when he was not two years old, and at nine years he also lost his father. The guardian of five children of Tolstoy became Aunt-Alexander Osten-Saken. It is with the family estate that the most important and expensive memories of Lev Tolstoy's early childhood are associated. However, he did not like to study, he considered exams formality, and university professors - incompetent.

Tolstoy did not even try to get a scientific degree, in Kazan he was more attracted to secular entertainment. In April, the student life of Leo Tolstoy ended. He inherited his part of the possessions, including his beloved Yasnaya Polyana, and immediately went home, without receiving higher education. In the family estate, Tolstoy tried to establish life and start writing.

He drew up his education plan: to study languages, history, medicine, mathematics, geography, jurisprudence, agriculture, and natural sciences. However, he soon came to the conclusion that it is easier to make plans than to implement them. Wanting to begin the correct, in his opinion, life, he made up the daily routine. But he did not observe him, but in the diary he again noted dissatisfaction with himself.

All these failures prompted Leo Tolstoy to change the lifestyle. The case introduced himself in April: the elder brother Nikolai arrived in Yasnaya Polyana. At that time he served in the Caucasus where the war was going on.

Leo Tolstoy decided to join his brother and went with him - to the village on the banks of the Terek River. On the outskirts of the empire, Leo Tolstoy served almost two and a half years. He spent time hunting, playing cards and from time to time participating in raids on enemy territory. Such a secluded and monotonous life liked Tolstoy. Working on it, the writer found a source of inspiration, which remained important for him until the end of his life: he used his own memories and experience.

He will either encourage me to continue my favorite classes, or force me to burn all what has begun. ” Encouraged by the first success, the writer soon began to continue the “childhood”. While in the thick of events, he created the story “Sevastopol in December”. Although Tolstoy and unusually openly described the battal scenes, the first Sevastopol story was deeply patriotic and glorified the courage of Russian soldiers.

Soon Tolstoy began to work on the second story - "Sevastopol in May." By that time, nothing was left for his pride in the Russian army. The horror and shock that Tolstoy survived on the front line and during the siege of the city greatly influenced his work. Now he wrote about the meaninglessness of the death and inhumanity of the war. The success of the first Sevastopol story gave him a sense of goal: “My career is literature - to write and write!

With tomorrow I have been working all my life or throw everything, rules, religion, decency - everything. ” In the capital, Lev Tolstoy finished Sevastopol in May and wrote “Sevastopol in August of the year” - these essays completed the trilogy. And in November, the writer finally left military service. Thanks to true stories about the Crimean war, Tolstoy entered the St.

Petersburg literary circle of the magazine "Contemporary". However, after some time, relations with the writers from the circle deteriorated: "These people disgusted me, and I disgusted myself." To unwind, at the beginning of the year, Leo Tolstoy went abroad. He visited Paris, Rome, Berlin, Dresden: he met famous works of art, met with artists, watched how people live in European cities.

The journey did not inspire Tolstoy: he created the story "Lucerne", in which he described his disappointment. In the summer of the year, Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana. A year after their opening, the writer again went abroad to find out how public education in European schools is arranged and "how to do this so that, without knowing anything, to be able to teach others." Nine months later, he returned to Russia.

Tolstoy wanted to create his own education system in the Yasnaya Polyanskaya school: he abolished all the rules of discipline and canceled pedagogical programs. In the year, the writer began to publish the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana" with books for reading. In diaries, he increasingly expressed dissatisfaction with life: “Indecision, idleness, longing, thought of death.

We must get out of this. One remedy. The effort on yourself to work. ” In the year, Leo Tolstoy found a way out of despondency: “I am writing from the village, I write and hear upstairs the voice of my wife, who speaks with my brother and whom I love more than anything else. I lived up to 34 years and did not know that you can love and be so happy. ” The bride writer was the summer Sophia Bers.

The writer lived with her for 48 years.Sophia became the secretary, scribbler and unofficial editor of Leo Tolstoy. The writer created the basis for peaceful household scenes the life of the family of thick, battal and civil scenes on the basis of the events of Russian history. The main idea of ​​the work was not patriotism, but pacifism: the author’s furious protest, expressed in the “Sevastopol stories”, prompted him to describe the troubles that the war entails.

In the year, Tolstoy completed the "War and Peace." The book was a huge success. By the beginning of the 10ths, Tolstoy was considered one of the greatest Russian writers, but he was not in the wretches with himself. The nobleman and the landowner were worried about social inequality in Russian society, the poverty of peasants and the uncompromising tsarist regime. In addition, Tolstoy began to hurt.

In the year, Tolstoy went to the Samara province: on the recommendation of the doctor, he was treated with koumiss. He was so inspired by the steppe nature and the life of the Bashkir nomads that for the summer of the year he brought the whole family here. Samara has become a refuge and a source of inspiration for the writer. In the year, Tolstoy graduated from Anna Karenina.

It was a gloomy romance - it did not have the idyll that was present in the final of War and Peace. Tolstoy wrote philosophical treatises in which he discussed about life, art and religion. Among them - “confession”, “so what should we do? The writer abandoned the dogmas of the Russian Orthodox Church and even created his version of the Gospel. He united four gospels into one, removed everything he did not agree with, for example, all the stories about miracles, and left only the words of Christ.

What Tolstoy wrote about did not become an abstract philosophy: he intended to live in accordance with his own words. Under the influence of Leo Tolstoy’s ideas, a whole religious and ethical course arose in Russia-Tolstoy. In this work, the writer criticized the judicial system, army, government. The contempt with which Tolstoy described the institute of the church in the novel “Resurrection” caused a response.

In February, the Holy Synod published a decree on the excommunication of Count Leo Tolstoy from the church in the journal "Church Vedomosti". This decision only increased the popularity of Tolstoy and attracted the public attention to the ideals and beliefs of the writer. The literary and social activities of Tolstoy became known abroad. Tolstoy himself did not want to receive a reward and even informed the Finnish writer Arvid Yarnefelt to prevent the award to prevent the award, because, "if it happened ...

it would be very unpleasant to refuse." During this period, the family relations of the Tolstoy were in a deep crisis-in many ways because of the friendship of Leo Tolstoy with Vladimir Chertkov, whom Sofya Tolstoy called the devil: “He [Chertkov] took into the hands of the unfortunate old man, he separated us, he killed the art scary in Leo Nikolaevich and the enrichment of condemnation, hatred, the denial, which are felt in the articles of the lion of Nikolaevich In recent years that his stupid evil genius knocked on him.

” Tolstoy was weighed by the life of a landowner and a family man. He sought to bring his life in line with beliefs and in early November secretly left the Yasnaya Polyan estate. The road turned out to be overwhelming for an elderly person: on the way, he was seriously ill and was forced to stay in the house of the caretaker of the Astapovo railway station.

Here the writer spent the last days of his life. Lev Tolstoy died on November 20, died. The writer was buried in Yasnaya Polyana.