In Pshchenko Biography

The creator of a medical and pedagogical institution for children with developmental disorders introduced the concept of “defective child” Kashchenko into pedagogical science. The years of teaching was born in the family of a military doctor, Peter Fedorovich Kashchenko - where eight children were brought up; The eldest, Peter, later became a famous psychiatrist and organizer of psychiatric care in Russia.

Vsevolod was a sixth child. The father served as the senior doctor of the 3rd Crimean infantry regiment. Family life changed dramatically after his death in the city of Mother managed to educate all children and give them an education; Later, in the city of the eldest son, Peter, not only supported his mother and helped her in every way, but also to a large extent contributed to the formation of the worldview of his younger brother Vsevolod.

After graduating from Kashchenko, he entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, studied on the same course with the future People's Commissar of Health N. under the influence of his older brother took an active part in the student revolutionary movement, and participated in illegal student organizations. In g. At first he ended up in a Butyr prison, and then he was sent into exile in Torzhok Tverskaya Province.

Professor of Moscow University I. Sechenov, K. Timiryazev, S. Korsakov, A. Kozhevnikov, A. Ostroumov, F. Erisman stood up for students and wrote a letter to the Minister of Education I. Deleanov with a request for their pardon Ageev. The professors were reprimanded, but their appeal took the action: a year later, in the city of Shevchenko, who graduated in G. Thus, Kashchenko received a diploma quite late - at 27 years old.

Professor of Kyiv University I. Sikorsky turned to graduates with a parting word. Kashchenko kept a record of this speech as a talisman who helped him in difficult situations: “A test of life is an endless exam, longer and much more serious than the university. The medical profession is responsible and requiring constant nervous tension. But it lifts a person, brings up in him moral qualities, the habit of labor and the ability to compass and maintain the greatness of the spirit among human misfortunes.

For the victims that doctors make, they occupy the first and even the only place in the world among other professions ”by Ageev. The beginning of the professional path after graduating from the university, Kashchenko planned to become a zemstvo doctor, but due to his political unreliable he was forced to move from one county to another and occupy the positions of a freelance doctor.

Vsevolod Kashchenko with his wife and daughters. Kashchenko was deprived of the right to work in the public service. From G. after the revolution, not having the opportunity to enter the public service, Kashchenko replaced doctors who go on vacation for a period of 1-2 months in Dorogomilovskaya, Lefortovo, Butyrsky and Georgian outpatient clinics. Kashchenko advised his brother to open a private school for mentally retarded and difficult to raise children.

Kashchenko became interested in this idea and began to get acquainted with the relevant literature and experience in setting up the case in Russia of St. Petersburg and in Europe. Some time later, Kashchenko began to engage in the experimental psychological laboratory of Rossolimo, with whom he was closely communicated for all subsequent years, as well as in laboratories A. Nechaev and A.

Lazursky in St. Petersburg. In addition, he made several trips to Europe, studying the experience accumulated by teachers of Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Belgium experience in raising and teaching abnormal children. Kashchenko created a sanatorium for defective children. In the daily newspaper Voice of Moscow dated April 11, Kashchenko "for backward, nervous and other educational children." Kashchenko paid much attention to social activities aimed at attracting attention to the issues of learning and educating defective as he called them children, published articles on this subject in the newspapers “Early Morning”, “Russian Word”, “Russian Vedomosti”.

At the Cong of Russian Natural Sciences and Doctors, December, January Kashchenko made a report “On the construction of medical and pedagogical institutions for mentally retarded and moral-foal children”, at the same time, at the same time, the 3rd congress of domestic psychiatrists in St. Petersburg-a report “Treatment of mentally defective children”, which shared two years of experience with work with work with work with a two-year experience with work children with developmental disorders.

He drew attention to the differences in children with mental retardation and pedagogically neglected children. Kashchenko took part in the work of the All -Russian Congress of figures for the training, education and prosecution of deaf -mute. In the report “Defective children of school age and universal training”, he called to pay attention “to the army of defective children of different types” and the need to restructure school education in accordance with the abilities and characteristics of the child: “All children should get education, and not children in schools, but schools for children” Kashchenko.Kashchenko participated in the work of the study and education-teaching of abnormal children at the pedagogical circle at the Institute of Pediatric Psychology and Neurology, and by his report, the resolution was adopted: “1 for the request for members of the State Duma on the consideration in connection with universal training of the issue of the systematic organization of education-teaching defective children.

Sanatorium-school for defective children Sanatorium-school V. Kashchenko for defective children, located at the address: Moscow, Devichye Field, Pogodinskaya, was designed for 22 pupils. Children aged 4 to 16 were divided into three pedagogical families, each of which had its own teacher. These families lived relatively independently so that children did not unite in large groups and are constantly under pedagogical supervision.

During classes, the family was divided into smaller subgroups taking into account the “similarity of their mental constitutions-the character, mental and moral development and stock of school knowledge” the sanatorium for defective children initially the sanatorium was calculated on boys and girls, but in practice only school-age boys were in practice. “Physical freaks, idiots, children with pronounced symptoms of dementia, suffering from epilepsy of the Paduchi and twitching”, were not accepted into the sanatorium, and the children were children, as Kashchenko wrote about them, who had “defects in the strong-willed sphere and sphere of feelings,” Kashchenko.

Unlike undisciplined children who can cope with work, if they like the latter, children are exceptional in relation to the character are inoperative: they cannot concentrate, restless, are not able to finish work. Such children gesticulate a lot, often make makeup, prone to ticks and nervous twitches. These children are “strange, they are different than other children, they are neuropaths or psychopaths” Kashchenko.

Kashchenko considered violations of behavior determined pedagogically, which made their correction possible by creating a special educational environment. In the article “Pedology of exceptional childhood” as the main feature of the exceptional in the nature of the children, the “disharmony of the psyche” of Kashchenko is indicated. In the classification of mental dysontogenesis by V.

Lebedinsky, the behavioral disorders described by Kashchenko correspond to disharmonious development, the basis of which is not the current painful process, but “the congenital or early acquired persistent dyspractary of the psyche mainly in the emotional-volitional sphere” Lebedinsky. Lebedinsky refers to the abnormalities of development by disharmonical type of psychopathy, neuropathy, pathological development of personality, dysontogeny in the deviation of the pace of puberty Lebedinsky.

Just such violations were characteristic of the pupils of the Sanatorium School Kashchenko. The pupils of the sanatorium received comprehensive medical and pedagogical assistance: “The sanatorium subsequently clarified that the sanatorium is a“ pedoological and pedagogical laboratory of the so-called exceptional childhood ”Kashchenko. Pedology in pedagogical practice. The pedagogical orientation of the events carried out in the sanatorium was emphasized: “The purpose of this institution is not only to arrange the existence of a pleasant and useful existence, but first of all and mainly it seeks to correct all kinds of shortcomings, no matter what the latter belongs, to arm children with mentally moral development, knowledge, labor habits and to properly prepare them for a legitimate and useful life in a legitimate and useful life in a legitimate and useful life family and society.

To achieve just these tasks, the sanatorium has numerous methods that correspond to modern therapeutic pedagogy ”of the sanatorium for defective children ... In one of the early works-the article“ Society, School and Defective Children ”-Kashchenko noted the special social significance of such institutions:“ ... medical and educational institutions for defective children ”contribute to their activities of socio-hygienic and hygienic.

The socio-economic successes of all mankind ”” ”Kashchenko. Society ... Therapeutic pedagogy in the sanatorium-school organized special measures aimed at improving the physical and mental state of children. If the child could not attend an ordinary school, then in the sanatorium he received information important in practical life, and underwent training in classes adequate to his capabilities.

A special role was assigned to the visual arts and manual work, which developed the mental abilities and interests of the child, his attention, will, independence of behavior, discipline.Labor was not considered a boring duty: “We want to interest the child with a variety of classes, to react him to work and knowledge, to attract the whole personality of the child, all the forces of his little soul ...

The child feels like a creator, the winner of the rough matter, into which he embodied his thought, grows up in him a living, independent creative personality” Kashchenko. Organization of outdoor games and sports skates, skis, rowing were aimed at the physical development of children. The overall development was facilitated by the care of animals: proteins, rabbits, guinea pigs, fish, and birds, which children looked after, were even a decorative anthill lived in the sanatoriums.

Among the conditions that ensure the solution of the tasks, Kashchenko attributed a special family atmosphere of the sanatorium; His wife provided great support to him, and an important condition for the stay of children in the sanatorium was the restriction of their communication with their parents. Parents received information about children once a month and three times a year - about their successes.

Children wrote letters to their parents, and parents had the opportunity to visit children in a specially installed hours. It was allowed that children had family photos, books, albums, written accessories, a camera, games and toys. Pupils of the sanatorium for the organization of learning were divided into group classes - senior and younger. In older groups, children underwent a course of secondary educational institutions, including the Law of God, Russian language, arithmetic, German, French, history, geography, and natural science.

The schedule was made in such a way that students are engaged in the most difficult subjects at the most productive hours of the day. At the same time, a close relationship was ensured between all subjects, which increased the interest of students in the assimilation of knowledge. The younger group included children who, due to a lack of mental abilities, were not able to master the program of a secondary school.

For them, special developmental classes were organized based on manuals developed by teachers. In the younger groups, gymnastic classes were held to music, outdoor games with exercises in the development of oral speech, elementary explanatory reading, illustrative drawing, visual education of arithmetic, exercises for the development of written speech, exercises for the development of external feelings, Fretel classes aimed at the comprehensive development of the child, primarily in the development of spat and temporal performances.

Also, children were given individual instructions, conversations were held about surrounding objects and paintings. One of the pedagogical principles of the sanatorium-school was the individualization of training, and therefore classes consisted of 3-6 students with the same level of development. The curriculum did not apply to the dogma: “The first practical step of the Sanatorium-School was the rejection of the mandatory program” Kashchenko.

The program was replaced by detailed curricula that guided the teachers of the sanatorium. Classes were alternated with a vacation, so there was no overwork that was common in an ordinary school, the need for vacation as time free of study, fell. There were no lessons only for 5 days during the big holidays of Easter and Christmas, in the summer the classes continued.