Biography Nobile

Alfred Nobel Alfred Nobel was born on October 21 in Stockholm. His father - Immanuel Nobel, a middle -sized entrepreneur, ruined, decided to try his luck in Russia and moved to Petersburg in the year. Here he opened mechanical workshops, and five years later, when it was getting better, he transported his family to St. Petersburg. For nine -year -old Alfred, very soon the Russian became the second native language.

In addition, he fluent in English, French, German and Italian. During the Crimean War of the years, Nobel's workshops produced underwater mines and other weapons for the Russian Navy. The mines of its design were used to protect Kronstadt, the Sveaborg fortress in Finland and the harbor Revel in Estonia. Immanuel Nobel was awarded the gold medal "for the zeal and development of Russian industry", but after the end of the war there were no marine orders, and in the year he returned to Stockholm.

Alfred Nobel did not receive a systematic education. At first he studied at home, in years with cognitive purposes he traveled around America and Europe, and then studied chemistry in Paris in the laboratory of the famous French scientist T. Pelusa, after his father’s departure to Stockholm, Alfred Nobel began to study the properties of nitroglycerin. Perhaps this was facilitated by the frequent communication of Nobel with the outstanding Russian chemist N.

Zinin in Stockholm, where Alfred left the year, he continued his experiments. But on September 3, a tragedy happened. In the explosion, several people were killed during the experiments, including the younger brother of Alfred Emil-Oscar, who was only 20 years old. Soon after the misfortune of his father, he broke paralysis, and for the past eight years he spent a chained to bed.

Then the patents were followed by the Nobel Danger detonator, dynamite, gelatinated dynamite, smokeless gunpowder, etc. In total, it belongs to patents, and not all of them are associated with explosive substances. Among them are patents for a water meter, a barometer, a refrigerator, a gas burner, an improved method of obtaining sulfuric acid, a combat missile design and much more.

Nobel's interests were extremely diverse. He was engaged in electrochemistry and optics, biology and medicine, designed automatic brakes and safe steam boilers, tried to make artificial rubber and skin, investigated nitro -cellulose and artificial silk, and worked on obtaining light alloys. Of course, this was one of the most educated people of his time. He read many books on technology and medicine, history and philosophy, fiction and even tried to write himself, was familiar with kings and ministers, scientists and entrepreneurs, artists and writers, for example, Viktor Hugo.

Nobel was a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, the London Royal Society, the Paris Society of Civil Engineers. The University of Uppsalus awarded him the title of Honorary Doctor of Philosophy. Among the awards of the inventor are the Swedish Order of the Polar Star, French - the Legion of Honor, the Brazilian Order of the Rose and Venezuela - Bolivar. But all honors left him indifferent.

He was a gloomy person who loves loneliness, avoiding fun companies and completely immersed in work. The main wealth brought Nobel the production of dynamite invented by him, the patent for which was received on May 7 of the year. The newspapers of those years wrote that the engineer made his opening by accident. During transportation, a bottle of nitroglycerin crashed, the resulting liquid saturated the earth, and as a result it turned out to be dynamite.

Nobel always denied this. He claimed that he was deliberately looking for a substance that, being mixed with nitroglycerin, would reduce its explosiveness. Such a neutralizer became Kiselgur. This rock is also called Tripoli from Tripoli in Libya, where it was mined. It may seem strange that a person who has devoted his whole life to the creation of powerful means of destruction, bequeathed part of the money earned for world awards.

What is this? Atonement of sins? But for military purposes, the “explosives of Nobel” began to be used only during the Franco-Prussian War of the years, and at first explosives created by him were used for peaceful purposes: for the construction of tunnels and channels, laying of rail and roads, mining of minerals using explosive work. He himself said: "I would like to invent a substance or machine with such a destructive power so that any war is generally impossible." Nobel gave money to hold congresses on the world, and took part in them.

If some are surprised by the presence of the Nobel Prize of the World, then others are the lack of a premium for work in mathematics. Rumor says that Nobel and the famous Swedish mathematician M. Mittag-Leffler loved the same girl, but she preferred a younger one, and as if the “dynamic king” was offended by all mathematicians. The great inventor was never married and had no children.

But in his life there was love. At 43, Nobel fell in love with the summer saleswoman of a flower store in Vienna Sophia Hess and took with him to Paris, where he lived then.He rented an apartment for her next to his house, allowed her to spend as much as he wanted. Sophie, who proudly called himself "Madame Nobel", was beautiful and graceful, but, unfortunately, it was unequal, uneducated, and besides lazy - she refused to deal with the teachers whom Nobel hired for her.

Their connection lasted 15 years, up to a year when Sophie gave birth to a daughter from a Hungarian officer. Nobel broke up with his girlfriend without a scandal and even appointed her a decent content. But Sophie was used to exorbitant expenses and annoyed with requests for additional amounts. When, four years later, she married her child’s father, her husband addressed such requests.

After the death of Nobel, Sophia Hess began to demand an increase in the content, threatening to publish his intimate letters otherwise. The arcesses who did not want the name of their principal to flutter the newspapers, had to make concessions: to redeem the letters and telegrams of Nobel by Sophie and increase the rent. From childhood, Nobel was distinguished by poor health and often was ill.

In recent years, he has been tormented by pain in the heart. They are a doctor. In the year, Nobel died of hemorrhage in the brain on his villa in San Remo Italy. In addition to servants in the house, there was no one. Nobel Prizes of the Nobel Prizes are awarded according to the will of A. Nobel, compiled on November 27 and provided for the allocation of capital for awarding prizes in five areas: physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and contribution to the world of peace around the world.

For this purpose, the Nobel Foundation was created - a private, independent, non -governmental organization with an initial capital of 31 million. The first prizes were awarded on December 10 with the initiative of the Swedish bank, the official name for the economy of the Economics of Alfred Nobel was also awarded, assigned by the decision of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, after which the Nobel Fund’s board decided to no longer increase the number of nominations.

The bonus cannot be awarded to more than three persons about this, the decision was made in and can be awarded posthumously only if the applicant was alive at the time of the announcement of the award by him usually in October, but the decision was made not by the Nobel fund, but by the special Nobel committees in each of the five people, while each of the five people, while the Knobelevsky on this year.

Physics, chemistry, economics is chosen by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, in physiology and medicine-the Royal Caroline Medical and Surgical Institute in Stockholm, and the Norwegian Parliament Storting, and the Swedish Academy in Stockholm in literature. The right to nominate candidates is possessed only by individuals, and not institutions except for world awards. In addition to world awards, prizes can be awarded only once, however, in the history of the Nobel Prize award there were few exceptions to this rule.

Numerous experts evaluate the contribution of the applicant for the prize. Solutions in the indicated five areas are different. The proposals for the current year are received until February 1, and in October final decisions are made, which are reported at a special press conference in Stockholm. The award ceremony takes place on December 10 in Copenhagen and Oslo. Prizes in physics, chemistry, physiology and medicine, literature and economics are presenting in Copenhagen in the concert hall the king of Sweden, the Nobel Prize of the World is awarded to the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in Oslo in the presence of the king of Norway and members of the royal family.

The award includes a gold medal, a diploma and a monetary reward. Laureates represent the Nobel lectures published in the special publication "Nobel laureates." With the Nobel Foundation by the decision of the RICSDAG, taxes are exempted. Fund funds are replenished by income from investment activities in the United States, the commercial activity of the Fund was exempted from taxes in and charitable donations.

The first awards B were thousand. The awards amounted to 10 million.