Tolstoy biography of a liter

He was the fourth child in the family. But in childhood, the future great writer is orphaned. After the next birth, when the lion was not even two years old, the mother died. Seven years later, already in Moscow, the father suddenly died. The guardian of the children was appointed by their aunt-Countess Alexander Osten-Saken, but she was soon gone. The year -old Lev Nikolayevich has matured to study in the prestigious and one of the most famous Imperial Kazan University in the category of eastern literature.

However, after successful entrance exams, the future luminary of Russian literature considered training and exams formality and failed the final certification for the first year. In order not to take training again, the young Lev Tolstoy transferred to the law faculty, where he is not without problems, but still switched to the second year. However, here he was carried away by French philosophical literature and, not finishing up in his second year, left the university.

But he did not interrupt the training - having settled in the inherited estate of Yasnaya Polyana, he took up self -teaching. Every day he set himself tasks and tried to fulfill them, analyzing the day done. In addition, work with peasants and the establishment of life in the estate included in Tolstoy's daily routine. Feeling the guilt before the serfs, he opened a school for peasant children in the year.

But the self -education of the young Tolstoy did not ask, not all sciences interested him and were given to him. He was going to solve this problem in Moscow, preparing for candidate exams, but instead of them he became interested in secular life. The same thing was repeated in St. Petersburg, where he left in February. Not submitting exams for the candidate of rights, he again left for Yasnaya Polyana.

From there, he often came to Moscow, where he devoted a lot of time to gambling. The only useful skill that he acquired during these years was music. The future writer learned to play the piano well, the result of which was the composition of the waltz and the subsequent spelling of the “cruiser sonata”. The military service of the year Lev Tolstoy began writing an autobiographical story “Childhood” - far from the first, but quite large and significant of his literary work.

In the year, the elder brother Nikolai, who served in the Caucasus, came to his estate. The need for changes and financial difficulties forced Lev Nikolaevich to join his brother and go with him to war. And by the fall of the same year, he was enrolled in a junker in the 4th battery of the artillery brigade, which stood on the shore of the Terek near Kizlyar. Here Tolstoy again had the opportunity to write, and he finally finished the first part of his childhood trilogy, which he sent to the magazine “Contemporary” in the summer of the year.

The publication appreciated the work of the young author, and the first success came to Lev Nikolaevich with the publication of the story. But Lev Nikolaevich did not forget about the service. For two years in the Caucasus, he repeatedly participated in skirmishes with the enemy and even distinguished himself in battle. With the outbreak of Crimean war, he transferred to the Danube Army, with which he ended up in the thick of the war, having passed the battle by the Black River, and repulsing the enemy’s attacks on the Malakhov Kurgan in Sevastopol.

But even in the trenches, Tolstoy continued to write, publishing the first of the three Sevastopol Stories - Sevastopol in December of the year, which was also favorably accepted by readers and was highly appreciated by Emperor Alexander II himself. Along with this, the artilleryist-writer tried to achieve permission to edition of a simple magazine called “Military Leaf”, where the military prone to literature could be published, but this idea did not receive support from the authorities.

The creative path and recognition in August of the year Lev Nikolayevich was sent by courier to St. Petersburg, where he finished the remaining two “Sevastopol stories” and remained until he completely left the service in November. The writer was accepted very well in the capital, he became a welcome guest in literary salons and circles, where he made friends with I. Turgenev, N. Nekrasov, I.

however, Tolstoy quickly bored it all, and at the beginning of the year he goes on a foreign trip. In the next four years, he visited many countries of Western Europe, but never found what he was looking for. The European way of life categorically did not suit him. Between these trips, Lev Nikolaevich continued to write. The result of this work was, in particular, the story “Three Deaths” and the novel “Family Happiness”.

In addition, he finally finished the story “Cossacks”, which he wrote for almost 10 years. However, soon the popularity of Tolstoy was declining, which was caused by a disagreement with Turgenev and a refusal to continue secular life. To this was added a general disappointment of the writer, as well as the death of the elder brother of Nicholas, whom he considered the best friend and who died literally in his arms from tuberculosis.

However, after the treatment of depression in the Bashkir farm, Karalyk Tolstoy returns to creativity, and is also determined with family life. In the year, he got up to one of the daughters of his old acquaintance Lyubov Alexandrovna Islavina in the marriage of Bers - Sofya.At that time, his future wife was 18 years old, and the count was already 34 years old. In the marriage of Tolstoy, nine boys and four girls were born, but five children died in childhood.

The wife became a real life partner for the writer. With its help, he proceeds to create his most famous novel “War and Peace” about Russian society in the period from the years to the years, whose excerpts and heads he published on the years to the years. The creative and philosophical fracture by the next great work of the author was the novel Anna Karenina, on which Tolstoy began to work in the year.

After this novel, in the work of Leo Nikolaevich, an ideological fracture came, expressed in the writer’s new views on life, attitude to religion, criticism of power, and attention to the social aspects of the structure of society. The works on the plots of secular life were no longer interested in him. All this was reflected in the autobiographical work “Confession” next to the religious and philosophical treatise “What is my faith?

Together with his work, Lev Nikolaevich himself also changed. He refuses wealth, dresses simply, is engaged in physical work, separating himself from the rest of the world. Tolstoy pays great attention to the issues of faith, but this philosophy leads him far from the bosom of the Russian Orthodox Church. In addition, church foundations are actively criticized in such works of the writer as the novel “Resurrection”, which is why the Holy Synod in the year excommunicates him from the Church, although this decision was rather a statement of fact than some kind of measure.

At the same time, Tolstoy devotes a lot of time to help to the peasants, takes care of their education and food. During the famine in the Ryazan province, Lev Nikolaevich opened for those in need of canteens, where thousands of peasants fed. The last days of October 28, on November 10, Tolstoy secretly leaves Yasnaya Polyana and random trains headed towards the border, but at the Astapovo station now Lipetsk Region, he is forced to leave the train due to the pneumonia of the lungs.

He died in the house of the station chief for a year of life. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy was buried in his estate Yasnaya Polyana in the forest on the edge of the ravine. Several thousand people came to the funeral. A tribute to the writer was given to the writer both in Moscow, in St. Petersburg, and even abroad. On the occasion of mourning, some entertainment events were canceled, the work of factories and factories was suspended, people went to street demonstrations with portraits of Lev Nikolaevich.

Cover: I. Portrait of the writer L. Tolstoy, year. From the collection of the Tretyakov Gallery.