Biography Classic Haydn

Haydn's life and creative path of lecture on musical literature Musike. The great Austrian composer, he left a huge creative heritage - near works in a variety of genres. These are symphonies, 83 quarters, 52 clavier sonatas, thanks to which Haydn won the glory of the founder of classic symphonism. The art of Haydn is deeply democratic. The basis of his musical style was folk work and music of everyday life.

With amazing sensitivity, he perceived the folk melodies of various origin, the nature of peasant dances, a special flavor of the sound of folk instruments, some French song that has become popular in Austria. Haydn's music is imbued not only with rhythms and intonations of folklore, but also by folk humor, inexhaustible optimism and vital energy. Livanova, the art of Haydn is related in his style of the art of Gluck [1], but the circle of his images and concepts have their own characteristics.

High tragedy, ancient stories that inspired Gluck is not its area. The world of more ordinary images and feelings is closer to him. The sublime principle is not at all alien to Haydn, only he finds it not in the field of tragedy. Serious thought, poetic perception of life, the beauty of nature - all this becomes exalted by Haydn. A harmonious and clear view of the world dominates both his music and in attitude.

He has always been sociable, objective and friendly. He found sources of joy everywhere - in the life of the peasants, in his works, in communication with loved ones, for example, with Mozart, friendship with which, based on inner kinship and mutual respect, had a beneficial effect on the creative development of both composers. Haydn’s creative path lasted about fifty years, covering all the stages of development of the Vienna Classical School - from its origin in the XVIII century and up to the heyday of Beethoven's work.

Children's years of the composer's character was formed in the labor atmosphere of peasant life: he was born on March 31 in the village of Rorau Nizhny Austria in the family of a carriage master, his mother was a simple cook. From childhood, Haydn could hear the music of different nationalities, since among the local population of Rorau there were Hungarians, Croats, and Czechs. The family was musical: his father loved to sing, accompanying himself by hearing at the harp.

Paying attention to the rare musical abilities of his son, Haydn's father sends him to the neighboring town of Khainburg to his relative Frank, who served there the rector of the school and the regent of the choir. Later, the future composer recalled that he received “more cuffs than food” from Frank; Nevertheless, from the age of 5, he learns to play on wind and string instruments, as well as on the harpsichord, and sings in the church choir.

The next stage of Haydn’s life is associated with a musical chapel at the cathedral of St. Stefan in Vienna. The head of the chapel Georg Roiner from time to time made trips around the country to recruit new singers. Listening to the choir in which the little Haydn sang, he immediately appreciated the beauty of his voice and a rare musical talent. Having received an invitation to become a chorist at the cathedral, 8-year-old Haydn first touched with the richest art culture of the Austrian capital.

Even then, it was a city literally filled with music. The Italian opera has long survived here, concerts of the famous virtuosos were held, and large instrumental and choral chapels existed at the imperial court and the houses of large nobles. But the main musical wealth of Vienna is a variety of folklore the most important prerequisite for the formation of a classic school. The constant participation in the performance of music - not only church, but also opera - was most developed by Haydn.

In addition, the Roter’s chapel was often invited to the imperial palace, where the future composer could hear instrumental music. Unfortunately, only the boy’s voice was appreciated in the chapel, entrusting him with the performance of solo parties; Composer inclinations, awakened already in childhood, remained unnoticed. When the voice began to break, Haydna was fired from the chapel [2].

Without a roof over his head, without a penny in his pocket, he was extremely in poverty, wandering without a constant refuge and interrupting random earnings occasionally managed to find private lessons or play a violin in a tramp ensemble. But at the same time, these were happy years, full of hopes and faith in their composer vocation. Having bought several books on the theory of music from the Bukinist, Haydn independently engaged in counterpoint, gets acquainted with the works of the largest German theorists, studies the clavier sonatas of Philip Emmanuel Bach.

Contrary to the vicissitudes of fate, he retained both the openness of character and the sense of humor, which never changed him. Among the earliest works of the summer Haydn is the Zingshpil “Lame Demon”, written at the suggestion of the famous Vienna comedian Kurtz. Over time, his knowledge in the field of composition was enriched thanks to communication with Niccolo Porpora, a well -known Italian operator and vocal teacher: Haydn served his accompanist for some time.Gradually, a young musician is gaining fame in the musical circles of Vienna.

Since the middle of the x, he is often invited to participate in home musical evenings in the house of the rich Viennese official named Füarnberg. For these home concerts, Haydn wrote his first string trio and quartets in just a year on the recommendation of Funberg Haydn received the first permanent position - a place of dropmaster in the home orchestra of the Czech aristocrat, Count Morcin.

For this orchestra, the first Haydnovskaya symphony was written-D-Dur in three parts. This was the beginning of the formation of Viennese classic symphonism. After 2 years, Morcin, due to material difficulties, dismissed the chapel, and Haydn signed a contract with the richest Hungarian magnate, a passionate fan of music-Paul Anton Esternazh.

The period of creative maturity in the service of the princes Esthergazhandy Gaidn worked for 30 years: first-vice-rapelmeister assistant, and after 5 years, Ober-Capelmaster. His duties included not only the composition of music. Haydn had to carry out rehearsals, monitor the order in the chapel, be responsible for the preservation of notes and instruments, etc.

All the works of Haydn were the property of Esternazh; The composer did not have the right to write music by order of other persons, he could not freely leave the prince's possession. However, the opportunity to dispose of the excellent orchestra, which performed all his works, as well as relative material and domestic security, persuaded Haydn to accept the proposal of Esthergazhi.

Living in the estates of Esthergazi Eisenstadt and Esthergaz, and only at times running into Vienna, not in touch with a wide musical world, he became the greatest master of a European scale during this service. The musical life in the Esthergrand residence was open in its own way. At concerts, opera performances, solemn tricks accompanied by music were noble guests, including foreigners.

Gaidn’s fame gradually went beyond the borders of Austria. His works are successfully performed in the largest musical capitals. Late period of creativity. In the year, Prince Miklosh Esthergazhi died, bequeathing Haydna a lifelong pension. His heir dismissed the chapel, retaining the title of Capester behind Hydan. Fully freed from the service, the composer was able to fulfill a long -standing dream - to go beyond the borders of Austria.

In the 10ths, he made 2 touring trips to London at the invitation of the organizer of the “subscription concerts” of the violinist I. written on this occasion 12 “London” symphonies completed the development of this genre in the work of Haydn, approved the maturity of the Viennese classical symphonism a little earlier, at the end of the XG. The English audience enthusiastically perceived the music of Haydn.

In Oxford, he was awarded the degree of Honorary Doctor of Music. The latter, during the lifetime of Haydn, the owner of Esternazh Prince Miklosh II turned out to be a passionate art lover. The composer was again called to the service, though his activity was now modest. Living in his own house on the outskirts of Vienna, he composed mainly the Mass "Nelson", "Teresa" for Esthergaz.

Upon the impression of the oratorio of Handel Haydn, the Creation of the World and the Creation of the Year he heard in London, these monumental, epico-philosophical works, claiming the classical ideals of beauty and harmony of life, The unity of man and nature, adequately crowned the creative path of the composer. Haydn passed away in the midst of Napoleonic campaigns, when French troops already occupied the capital of Austria.

During the siege of Vienna, Haydn comforted his loved ones: “Do not be afraid, children, where Haydn, nothing bad can happen.” For example, the Opera “REPAIRED FOREVILITY” enjoyed great success with the public.