Plato Biography Greece

An ancient Greek philosopher, a classic of philosophical tradition. The teachings of Plato permeates not only world philosophy, but also world culture. The biography of Plato was born in Athens in the GG. His real name is Aristocles, Plato is a pseudonym, denoting a “broad -shouldered” that he gave him in his youth for his strong addition, a teacher of the struggle of Ariston from Argos.

He was the son of Ariston, a descendant of King Coder, and perictiones, who led its family from the great legislator of Solon. He studied literacy with Dionysius, which he mentions in his "rivals." It is also known that he was engaged in struggle, painting, and besides this composed praises, songs and tragedies. Subsequently, the tendency to poetry manifested itself in the artistically processed form of its dialogs.

Being gifted mentally and physically, he received an excellent education, the result of which was his close acquaintance with the philosophical theories of that time. Aristotle reports that Plato was at first stolen, a follower of Heraclitus. At the age of 20, Plato met Socrates and remained with him until his teacher’s death - only 8 years old. According to the Attic legend, on the eve of the meeting with Plato Socrates, I saw a swan in his chest in his chest, who flew high with sonorous singing, and after meeting Plato Socrates allegedly exclaimed: “Here is my swan!

Interestingly, in the mythology of antiquity, the swan is the bird of Apollo, and contemporaries compared Plato with Apollo as the god of harmony. As Plato himself recalls in the seventh letter, he was still young for actively participating in the political life of his city. The unfair condemnation of Socrates caused Plato's disappointment in the politics of Athens and became a turning point in his life.

At 28, after Socrates, Plato, along with other students of the great philosopher, left Athena and moved to Megara, where one of the famous students of Socrates - Euclid lived, at the age of 40 he visited Italy, where he met the Pythagorean Archit. He previously visited Egypt and Kiren, but he is silent about these travels in his autobiography. He gets acquainted with Dionysius, Tiran Syracuse, and dreams of realizing his ideal of the ruler-philosopher.

However, very soon hostile relations arose with tyrant Dionysius the eldest, but friendship with Dione, the nephew of the tyrant ensued. In Dion, Plato hoped to find a worthy student and in the future - a philosopher on the throne. Plato insulted the ruler with his reasoning about tyrannical power, saying that not all for the best that is only a tyrant, if he did not differ in virtue.

For this, Plato was sold into slavery to the agina, from which Annikerid, the philosopher of the Megarsky school bought and freed him. Subsequently, Plato wanted to return this money to Annikerid, and when he refused to take them, he bought a garden on them in a suburb of Athens, named after the local hero Academa Academy. In this garden, Plato in the city of another twice went to Syracuse at the insistence of Dion, hoping to fulfill his dream of an ideal state on the lands that Dionysius the Younger promised to highlight him.

And although these attempts almost cost Plato of life, his perseverance is an example of high service to the ideal. In the year, Plato returned to Athens and did not part with the Academy until his death that occurred in the city The works of Plato's works have the form of dialogs or letters. A large place in his dialogs is occupied by a myth, or a mythical story. Mythology has always had a symbolic meaning for him and was used mainly to express philosophical concepts.

Plato's compositions were ordered by the grammar trasil; They can be grouped according to nine tetralists. Evtifron, Apology of Socrates, Criton, Fedon. True, theetet, sophist, politician. Parmenid, Philb, Feast, Fedr 4. Feag, Harmid, Laht, Lisid. Evtidem, Protagor, Gorgias, Menon. Clitofophore, state, Timai, Critius.

Minos, Laws, Epinomide, Letters. Plato's philosophy of philosophy philosophy for Plato is not only a cognitive process, but also the desire of the soul for the supersensible world of ideas, and therefore it is closely connected with love. According to Plato, only the gods or those who are completely ignorant and arrogantly believe that they know everything are not engaged in philosophy.

And, on the contrary, only one who feels the need for knowledge and is covered by the desire to know wisdom is engaged in philosophy. This tension, generated by a lack of knowledge and a great desire, Plato defines as Eros, love, the desire for beauty, which he understands as order and harmony. The doctrine of ideas The doctrine of ideas is the central element of the philosophy of Plato.

He interpreted ideas as some divine entities. They are eternal, unchanged, independent of the conditions of space and time. The whole space life is generalized in them: they control the universe. These are archetypes, eternal examples, according to which all the many real things are organized from shapeless and fluid matter. Ideas have their own existence in a special world, and things exist only insofar as they reflect this or that idea, since this or that idea is present in them.In relation to sensual things, ideas are both their causes and the goal that the creatures of the sensual world strive for.

At the same time, there are relations of coordination and subordination between ideas. The highest idea is the idea of ​​an absolute good, a source of truth, beauty and harmony. The theory of knowledge the theory of knowledge of Plato is built as a theory of memory, the leading beginning is the mind or the rational part of the soul. According to Plato, the soul is immortal, and before the birth of a person, it abides in a prohibitive world, where it observes the brilliant world of eternal ideas.

Therefore, in the earthly life of the human soul, it is possible to comprehend ideas as a recall of what has been seen before. A person receives true knowledge when the soul recalls what it already knows. Knowledge as recalling what was before the birth of a person is Plato one of the evidence of the immortality of the soul. Accepting the idea of ​​immortality of the soul about the soul and realizing that in this case death takes everything from a person except the soul, Plato leads us to the idea that the main concern of a person in life should be a concern for the soul.

This concern means cleansing the soul, liberation from sensual in the desire to connect with the spiritual - intelligible world. Explaining the nature of the soul, what the soul is now and what was the sensual one before its descending into the world, Plato symbolically identifies it with the sea deity, the body of which has been attached to the body of which a lot of dirt in the sea depths was attached.

It is all covered with shells, algae and sand, and his body is broken and mutilated by waves ... The soul is in a similar state, and it must shake off all the superfluous - everything that makes it heavy and shapeless, does not allow it to recognize herself. She needs to be cleansed from everything that has grown over during many reincarnations. Outwardly, the soul seems to be one creature, but in fact it is a combination of three - a person, a lion and chimeras, which firmly have grown together with each other.

Each of the three parts of the soul has its own virtue: the rational beginning is wisdom, the fierce is courage, and the lusting is moderation. The purification of the soul in Plato is associated with bodily and mental discipline, which internally transforms a person, likens his deity. All these virtues are the goal of a philosophical search. The ideal state theory of the ideal state is most fully represented in the "state" and is developed in "laws".

True political art is the art of salvation and education of the soul, and therefore Plato puts forward the thesis about the coincidence of true philosophy with true politics. Only if the politician becomes a philosopher and vice versa, you can build a true state based on the highest value of truth and good. To build a city-state means to know to the end of a person and his place in the universe.

The state, according to Plato, like the soul, has a three -part structure. In accordance with the main functions, the management and production of material goods is divided into three classes: farmers-craftsmen, law enforcement officers and rulers-philosophers. A fair state system should ensure their harmonious coexistence. The first estate is formed from people in which the lusting principle prevails.

If the virtue of moderation, a kind of love of order and discipline, prevails in them, then these are worthy people. The second estate is formed from people in which the volitional beginning prevails, the debt of the guard - vigilance in relation to both internal and external danger. According to Plato, only aristocrats as the best and most wise citizens are called upon by the state.

The rulers should be those who know how to love their city more than others who are able to fulfill their duty with the greatest zeal. And most importantly, if they know how to know and contemplate good, that is, the rational principle prevails in them and they can be rightly called sages. So, a perfect state is such a state, moderation prevails in the first class, in the second - courage and strength, in the third - wisdom.

The concept of justice lies in the fact that everyone does what he should do; This applies to citizens in the city and parts of the soul in the soul. Justice in the outside world manifests itself only when it is in the soul. Therefore, in the perfect city, education and education should be committed, and for each class it has its own characteristics. Of great importance is Plato to educate the guards as the active part of the population from which the rulers emerge.

Education worthy of the rulers should have combined practical skills with the development of philosophy. The purpose of education is through the knowledge of the good to give a sample to which the ruler should be likened to his desire to embody good in his state. The final of the IX of the book “State” says that “it is not as important as it should or as it can be” in an ideal state, it is enough if someone alone lives according to the laws of this city, that is, according to the law of good, good and justice.After all, before arising in reality externally, that is, in history, the Platonic city will be born inside a person.

You are talking about the state whose structure we just dismantled, that is, about that is only in the field of reasoning, because on Earth, I think, it is nowhere to be found. Is there such a state on Earth and whether it will be completely unimportant. This man would take up the affairs of this - and only such a state. ” New Acropolis.